To perform an effective experimental implementation in a zero-power reactor or more generally, critical assemblies, it is necessary to measure the total neutron flux to calibrate the reactor power. The 4π β-γ coincidence method via the activation of gold foil is a well known standard method for Absolute neutron flux measurements. The Absolute neutron flux is obtained by measuring the Absolute activity of the irradiated gold foil, ranged in 10 2 4-10 Bq. In this method, the gold foil is irradiated at the desired position. The beta, gamma, and the coincidence rates are by using the 4π β-γ coincidence system, and the Absolute activity of gold foil is then obtained. The β-γ rays emitted from the irradiated gold foil are recorded in a concise period of tim (of the order 10-8 seconds). The advantage of this method is that the efficiency of either detector is directly dependent on the counting rates. Changing the beta detector efficiency due to the high voltage change and then measuring the beta, gamma, and coincidence counting rates, the plot of beta counting rates against the beta detector efficiencies can be introduced. By extrapolating the efficiencies to a unit value, the Absolute activity of the gold foil can be obtained.

Primary standardization of radioactivity is related to the direct measurement of activity in radioactive decay. A large variety of primary standardization techniques have been developed in the past years. The photon-photon coincidence counting is one of the methods for activity determination. This method is particularly applied for the standardization of I-125 using the detection of X-ray and gamma-ray coincident counting. In this paper, a 2D photon-photon coincidence digital system with two similar ‎‎2'' × 2''‎‎ NaI(Tl) detectors for Absolute activity measurement is developed. The system is established based on a 100 MHz CAEN waveform digitizer (DT5724) which directly records the pre-amplifier output signals of the two NaI(Tl) detectors. The sampled signals was transformed to trapezoidal signals using pulse height analyzer firmware and coincidence events were recorded in a list file. The list file was analyzed offline using a Matlab code to realize correlated gama lines of Co-60 source.  The Volkovitsky formulas were used for the activity calculation and the details of the experimental setup were also discussed. Standardization of  the two Co-60 standard sources was performed using this system. Results are in good agreement with the reference activity of Co-60 sources. The presented formula can be modified for Absolute calibration of the other medical radioisotopes. The technique can be generalized for Absolute activity measurement of I-125 which uses for ophthalmic plaque radiation therapy.

Photon-photon coincidence counting is a primary standardization technique used for the Absolute activity measurement of short half-life radionuclides. In this study, a coincidence spectrometer based on digital signal processing was developed for the Absolute standardization of 125I seed Brachytherapy. The spectrometer includes a waveform digitizer that samples at the preamplifier signals directly from two similar 2ʺ × 2ʺ NaI (Tl) detectors. The sampled signals were shaped into trapezoidal signals for pulse height analysis. These detected signals were then recorded in a list file and the software was used to recognize coincidence events. Detailed discussions were included on the formulas for determining Absolute activity measurement. The activity of a 125I seed was measured and showed good agreement with the reference values. This presented technique is a quick method for measuring the activity of 125I at nuclear hospitals. The standardized source can also serve as a tracer for measuring the activity of the 109Cd source

Introduction: The brain waves pattern in primary insomniacs is different from healthy subjects. Studies have shown that binaural beats can alter the pattern of brain waves in healthy individuals,however, the efficacy of binaural beats in altering the pattern of brain waves in primary insomniacs has not yet been investigated. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of theta binaural beat on the Absolute power of theta activity in primary insomniacs. Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial with experimental and control groups. The primary insomniacs received theta binaural beats in the experimental group while the control group received white noise. Their brain waves were recorded by electroencephalogram for 25 min,the first 5 min was without stimulus (first block), the next was followed by 15 min of receiving stimulus (binaural beat or white noise), and the last 5 min without stimulus (fifth block). The Matlab software, version R2019a, EEGLAB toolbox, and SPSS software, version 24 were used to analyze the data. Results: The Absolute power of theta activity in the experimental group was significantly higher in the last block compared to the first block in all brain lobes (P<0. 05). The largest changes in theta activity were in the temporal and parietal lobes, and the last one was in the prefrontal lobe. In the control group, none of the brain lobes showed significant differences in the last block compared to the first block. Conclusion: Theta binaural beat can alter the Absolute power of theta activity in primary insomniacs. The implications of the study are discussed.

The communities of the Kura- Araxes cultural complex with their highly distinctive cultural and economic features represent the occupation of some parts of the Near East and Caucasia during the Bronze Age.  Generally, the origin of this culture is sought in the Southern Caucasus. In Iran, the spread of this cultural tradition represents not only a rupture in the cultural development of the Mesopotamian traditions. Environmental changes linked to Rapid Climate Change (RCC) also forced the population to develop new economic strategies. Until about two decades ago, knowledge of the flourishing Kura Araxes occupation was limited to the north-west of the country and to some parts of the Central Zagros, but recent research in the zones south and north of the Alborz Mountain Range, on the northern edge of the Central Plateau allows by now to present a more detailed picture of the Kura Araxes occupation in both diachronic and synchronic perspective. Recent archaeological excavations in the two sites of Qaleh Tepe and Ali Yourd Tepe revealed some important new data from Kura-Araxes settlements in the corridor of the north Central Plateau and northwestern Iran. The two sites are located in the eastern Zanjan Province in the Abhar Rood Basin. This paper aims to update the chronology of the Kura-Araxes culture based on the radiocarbon dates from the two sites of Qaleh Tepe and Ali Yourd Tepe. The stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates of the two sites reveal the beginning of the Kura-Araxes culture in the region from c. 2900 BCE, followed by a quick extension into the northern Central Plateau, where it is represented by sites such as Shizar, Doranabad, Ostur, and Barlekin. Similarity and diversity characterize the Kura-Araxes cultural complex.  However, based on the current data, the ceramic style represents a common feature, but also the architectural remains indicate a common cultural tradition during the first quarter of the third millennium BCE in the Central Zagros, northwestern Iran, and on the Central Plateau

In this paper, we examine the perturbed Absolute value variational inequalities (PAVVI), a new class of variational inequalities. For the (PAVVI), some new merit functions are established. We develop the error bounds for (PAVVI) using these merit functions. The results presented here recapture a number of previously established findings in the relevant fields because (PAVVI) include variational inequalities, the Absolute value complementarity problem, and systems of Absolute value equations as special cases.

Introduction: Space is a social and consequently a political thing, and apart from worldview, ideology and discourse, it cannot be formed and developed, and the ideological framework of the formation forms the ruling policies, which are crystallized in the form of governing discourse. Each of the new forms of government and new patterns of political power introduces its own methods for dividing space, discourse, objects, and people living in space, and how it is used to change over time and use space to give economic and political strategies required for the exercise of power and discourse processes. In Iran, in the last hundred years, with the coming to power of Reza Khan in 1925, the central discourse of the Pahlavi government with the supremacy of the Absolute Pahlavi discourse, and by articulating the signs of this discourse with hegemony and domination, represented space and created reasonable spaces. For the first time in history, it emerged as a dominant discourse in the society. Methodology: The present study seeks to provide a dialectical analysis of the process of space production in Tehran by identifying the dominant discourses in the period 1925-1941. Hence, it falls into the category of "fundamental" research. On the other hand, the executive path of research is "analytical-exploratory". Results and Discussion: The most important dominant discourse in Iran in the twentieth century was formed based on the Pahlavi Absolute Discourse of a complex set of diverse disciplines including the theory of Persian monarchy, traditional patrimonialism, the discourse of development and development in the style of Western modernism, legalism and the people. The discourse emphasized authoritarianism, reform from above, modernist rationality, Iranian nationalism, political centralism, cultural modernism, secularism, and industrial development. The absolutist state that emerged in the light of this discourse sought to move Iranian society and economy from a traditional, pre-capitalist formulation, and do major harm to Groups and culture introduced traditional society with its rationalist, authoritarian, and normative character. The purpose and scope of Reza Shahchr('39')s policies were, in practice, cities and urban social classes. On one hand, there were observed development measures and activities to modernize the country in cities, such as the demolition of old neighborhoods and the construction of new streets, and on the other hand, the expansion of government bureaucracy caused a mean for the central government to dominate on peoplechr('39')s daily activities. During these years, the most noticeable changes took place in Tehran. The enactment of the Municipal Law in 1309 provided a suitable vehicle for heavy interventions in the old urban fabric; the law of widening and developing the streets and alleys in 1933, the first echo of Hussman urban planning and as a symbol of modernity were revealed. Two cruciform streets tear apart the old fabric of the city, crucifying the old city and separating the elements of urban spaces. The street is considered as a powerful tool in the city and becomes a dominant element that no element can deal with it compared to previous periods. The discourse of Absolute Pahlavi modernism in the form of spatial representation has created a city with a body, image, face and structure different from Tehranchr('39')s past. In other words, the Pahlavi discourse has represented new spaces through hegemony and domination. Some of the social changes in Tehran in this period that distinguish it from previous periods are social and cultural changes including improving education, building a university, rejecting the hijab, reviving the Persian language by the language of academy, and immigration. Rural and urban population growth, expansion of government offices and the formation of a new administrative class; Economic and infrastructural changes, urban planning and architecture, including Tehran city development plan, implementation of Baladieh law, establishment of Bank Melli Iran, construction of Mehrabad airport, emergence of new urban activities and functions, construction of cruciform streets, squares, bazaar; Political changes include the emergence of a new bureaucracy, the consolidation of central government power, the formation of a modern army, the concentration of state affairs in the capital, the establishment of new urban divisions, relations with European countries, and their role in governance. Totalitarian modernism, in order to achieve its enlightened menus, has to consolidate the bureaucratic system. State cities that are already in a semi-independent relationship with the center can only be the executor of the Cairo government bureaucracy in their new affiliate relationship. Following the Pahlavi bureaucratic approach, the city was given priority both as a physical manifestation of the current thinking of the time and as a platform for the forthcoming developments for organizing. Any urban regulation will inevitably lead to a cessation of organ development. On the other hand, with the seriousness of the issue of private property, the necessity of developing a new urban system became more apparent. Conclusion: The urban plans of the 1930s clearly show how the relationship between the inhabitant and the resident and the relationship between the city and society sought an instrumental relationship, and for this reason, this relationship and through it, development was considered as an external matter and with no worries, they have made a historical break by discarding previous social, economic, and cultural formations. Without worrying that man achieves being through habitation. The result is not only the physical disintegration of the city, but also the disintegration of the socio-cultural organization. Henceforth, the city is the place of crystallization of socio-cultural and physical-spatial distinctions that arise due to the demand for capital and the mercantile circulation of goods and capital, and through the indiscriminate occupation of land as the main element of trade in opposition to biological methods. It even offers its own climatic conditions.

The pun is one of the most important types of rhetorical figures. Two pillars or two conditions for the realization of an Absolute pun include both the same spelling and sound and different meanings. Although the verbal similarity of two homonymic words has been discussed so far, the semantic dissonance of the two words has not yet been taken into account for various reasons. Therefore, it is not yet lucid which of the different meanings of a word is of interest and what the meaning difference is. In the current study, the descriptive- analytical method was used to both investigate the origin of Absolute pun according to the views of past linguists and lecturers and contemporary scholars and determine what kind of meaning is intended in this type of pun in line with the rhetorical heritage of Persian and Arabic...